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to assist one another

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1 assist

assist [əˈsɪst]

1. transitive verb

aider ( in doing sth à faire qch)

• to assist one another s'entraider

• assisted by avec le concours de

2. intransitive verb

( = help) aider

* * *
[ə'sɪst] 1.
transitive verb

1) ( help) gen aider; ( in organization) assister (to do, in doing à faire)

to assist one another — s'entraider

2) ( facilitate) faciliter
2.
intransitive verb

1) ( help) aider ( in doing à faire)

to assist in — prendre part à [operation, rescue]

2) ( attend) assister (at à)
3.
- assisted combining form

computer-assisted — assisté par ordinateur

government-assisted scheme — projet financé par l'État

English-French dictionary > assist
2 assist

assist

A n US Sport assistance f.

B vtr

1 ( help) gen aider ; (in organization, bureaucracy) assister (to do, in doing à faire) ; to assist sb in/out/down etc aider qn à entrer/sortir/descendre etc ; to assist one another s'entraider ; to assist sb financially aider qn financièrement ; a man is assisting police with their inquiries euph un homme est interrogé par la police dans le cadre de l'enquête ;

2 ( facilitate) faciliter [development, process, safety].

C vi

1 ( help) aider (in doing à faire) ; to assist in prendre part à [operation, rescue] ;

2 sout ( attend) assister (at à).

D - assisted (dans composés) computer/operator-assisted assisté par ordinateur/par un opérateur ; government-assisted scheme projet financé par l'État.

Big English-French dictionary > assist
3 help

help
1. verb
1) (to do something with or for someone that he cannot do alone, or that he will find useful: Will you help me with this translation?; Will you please help me (to) translate this poem?; Can I help?; He fell down and I helped him up.) ayudar

2) (to play a part in something; to improve or advance: Bright posters will help to attract the public to the exhibition; Good exam results will help his chances of a job.) ayudar, contribuir

3) (to make less bad: An aspirin will help your headache.) ayudar (a calmar), aliviar

4) (to serve (a person) in a shop: Can I help you, sir?) ayudar, servir

5) ((with can(not), could (not)) to be able not to do something or to prevent something: He looked so funny that I couldn't help laughing; Can I help it if it rains?) no poder evitar

2. noun
1) (the act of helping, or the result of this: Can you give me some help?; Your digging the garden was a big help; Can I be of help to you?) ayuda

2) (someone or something that is useful: You're a great help to me.) ayuda

3) (a servant, farmworker etc: She has hired a new help.) criado; asistente; empleado; ayudante

4) ((usually with no) a way of preventing something: Even if you don't want to do it, the decision has been made - there's no help for it now.) no hay nada que hacer, no hay remedio, no hay vuelta atrás

•

- helper
- helpful
- helpfully
- helpfulness
- helping
- helpless
- helplessly
- helplessness
- help oneself
- help out

help¹ interj ¡socorro!

help² n ayuda

do you need any help? ¿necesitas ayuda?

help³ vb ayudar

can I help you? ¿puedo ayudarte?

can't help... no poder evitar...

I couldn't help laughing no pude contener la risa

help yourself! ¡sírvete tú mismo!

help

tr[help]

noun

1 (gen) ayuda

■ I asked him for help le pedí ayuda

■ there's no help for it no hay más remedio

2 (servant) asistenta, criada

interjection

1 ¡socorro!

transitive verb

1 (gen) ayudar

■ can you help us? ¿nos puedes ayudar?

■ can I help you? ¿qué desea?, ¿le puedo servir en algo?

2 (be of use) ayudar, servir

■ his ideas didn't help us at all sus ideas no nos sirvieron de nada

3 (to relieve) aliviar

■ this ointment will help the pain esta pomada aliviará el dolor

4 (avoid) evitar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

I «(he etc)» can't help it (I can't stop myself) no puedo (puede etc) evitarlo 2 (not my fault) no es culpa mía (suya etc)

I couldn't help «+ ger» no pude por menos que + inf

■ I couldn't help wondering no pude por menos que preguntarme

it can't be helped no hay nada que hacer

to help oneself servirse a sí mismo,-a

■ help yourself! ¡sírvete tú mismo!

help ['hɛlp] vt

1) aid, assist: ayudar, auxiliar, socorrer, asistir

2) alleviate: aliviar

3) serve: servir

help yourself!: ¡sírvete!

4) avoid: evitar

it can't be helped: no lo podemos evitar, no hay más remedio

I couldn't help smiling: no pude menos que sonreír

help n

1) assistance: ayuda f

help!: ¡socorro!, ¡auxilio!

2) staff: personal m (en una oficina), servicio m doméstico

help

n.

• apoyo s.m.

• asistencia s.f.

• auxilio s.m.

• ayuda s.f.

• favor s.m.

• mano s.f.

• redención s.f.

• remedio s.m.

• socorro s.m.

• sufragio s.m.

v.

• aliviar v.

• asistir v.

• auxiliar v.

• ayudar v.

• coadyuvar v.

• servir v.

• socorrer v.

I
1. help
transitive verb

1) ( assist) ayudar

can I help you? — ( in shop) ¿qué desea?

so help me God — (frml) y que Dios me asista (frml)

to help somebody (to) + INF — ayudar a alguien a + inf

she helped the old lady across the road — ayudó a la anciana a cruzar la calle; see also help out

2) (avoid, prevent) (usu neg or interrog)

I can't help it — no lo puedo remediar

I can't help the way I look — si soy así ¿qué (le) voy a hacer?

they can't help being poor — no tienen la culpa de ser pobres

I can't help thinking that... — no puedo menos que pensar que...

are you going to visit them? - not if I can help it — ¿los vas a ir a ver? - no si lo puedo evitar

oh, well, it can't be helped — bueno, paciencia or ¿qué se le va a hacer?

3) (serve food, goods)

to help somebody TO something — servirle* algo a alguien

2.

vi \<\<person/remark\>\> ayudar; \<\<tool\>\> servir*

I was only trying to help! — sólo quería ayudar

calling her a liar didn't help much either — llamarla mentirosa tampoco sirvió de mucho

every little bit (AmE) o (BrE) every little helps — muchos pocos hacen un mucho

to help to + INF — ayudar a + inf

3.

v refl

to help oneself

1) ( assist) ayudarse (a sí mismo)

2) ( resist impulse) (usu neg) controlarse

I can't help myself — no me puedo controlar

3) ( take)

to help oneself (TO something) — \<\<to food/a drink\>\> servirse* (algo)

can I use your phone? - help yourself — ¿puedo llamar por teléfono? - estás en tu casa

help yourself to any books you want — agarra or toma or (Esp) coge los libros que quieras

he helped himself to $10 from the till — se agenció 10 dólares de la caja (fam)

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- help out

II

noun

1) u

a) ( rescue) ayuda f

don't panic: help is on the o its way — calma, que ya vienen a ayudarnos; (as interj)

help! — socorro!, auxilio!

to go for help — ir* a buscar ayuda, ir* a por ayuda (Esp)

to call for/send for help — pedir*/mandar a buscar ayuda

b) ( assistance) ayuda f

thanks for your help with the dishes — gracias por ayudarme con los platos

was that book any help? — ¿te sirvió de algo el libro?

can I be of (any) help to you? — ¿la/lo puedo ayudar (en algo)?

that's a great help! — (iro) pues vaya ayuda! (iró); (before n) <file, button> ( Comput) de ayuda

2) u ( staff) personal m; ( domestic) servicio m doméstico

[help]
1. N

1) (=assistance) ayuda f

thanks for your help — gracias por ayudarme, gracias por tu ayuda

the books were not much help — los libros no me sirvieron de mucho

• to ask (sb) for help — pedir ayuda (a algn)

• he is beyond help — ya no se puede hacer nada por él

• to call for help — (=ask for help) pedir ayuda or auxilio; (=shout for help) pedir ayuda or auxilio a gritos

• to come to sb's help — acudir en ayuda or auxilio de algn

• financial help — ayuda f económica

• to get help, he rushed off to get help — salió corriendo en busca de ayuda

you'll get no help from me — yo no te pienso ayudar

• to go to sb's help — acudir en ayuda or auxilio de algn

• you've been a great help to me — me has ayudado muchísimo

you're a great help! — iro ¡valiente ayuda!

• medical help — asistencia f médica

• it's no help (to say that) — no sirve de nada (decir eso)

there's no help for it but to... — no hay más remedio que + subjun

• to be of help to sb — ayudar a algn

can I be of help? — ¿puedo ayudar?

I was glad to be of help — me alegré de poder ayudar

• you should seek professional help — deberías consultar a un profesional, deberías pedir asesoramiento

• to shout for help — pedir ayuda or auxilio a gritos

• I could use some help — una ayudita no me vendría mal

• with the help of — con la ayuda de

with his brother's help — con la ayuda de su hermano

with the help of a knife — con un cuchillo, ayudándose con un cuchillo

2) (=helpers)

we're short of help in the shop — nos falta personal en la tienda

she has no help in the house — no tiene a nadie que le ayude en la casa

3) (=cleaner) asistenta f ; home 3., mother 3.

2. VT

1) (=aid, assist) ayudar

he got his brother to help him — consiguió que su hermano lo ayudara

that won't help you — eso no te va a servir de nada, eso no te va a ayudar

can I help you? — (in shop) ¿qué deseaba?, ¿en qué le puedo servir?

to help (to) do sth — ayudar a hacer algo

to help sb (to) do sth — ayudar a algn a hacer algo

to help each other/one another — ayudarse el uno al otro

• to help sb across the road — ayudar a algn a cruzar la calle

• to help sb to their feet — ayudar a algn a levantarse

• to help sb on/ off with his coat — ayudar a algn a ponerse/quitarse el abrigo

• I couldn't stand so he helped me up — no me podía poner de pie así que él me ayudó

• let me help you with that suitcase — deja que te ayude or que te eche una mano con esa maleta

- so help me God

so help me, I'll kill him! * — ¡te lo juro que lo mato! *

2) (at table)

• to help sb to soup/vegetables — servir sopa/verdura a algn

3) (=avoid) evitar

"why are you laughing?" - "I can't help it" — -¿por qué te ríes? -no lo puedo evitar

I can't help it, I just don't like him — es superior a mí, me cae mal

"it's rather late now" - "I can't help that, you should have come earlier" — -ahora es bastante tarde -no es mi culpa, tenías que haber llegado antes

it can't be helped — no hay más remedio, ¿qué se le va a hacer?

he won't if I can help it — si de mí depende, no lo hará

can I help it if it rains? — ¿es mi culpa si llueve?

don't spend more than you can help — no gastes más de lo necesario

you can't help feeling sorry for him — no puede uno (por) menos de sentir lástima por él

4)

to help o.s. —

a) (=assist o.s.) ayudarse a sí mismo

don't think about helping others, think about helping yourself — no pienses en ayudar a los demás, piensa en ayudarte a ti mismo

you won't help yourself by keeping silent — no te vas a hacer ningún favor guardando el silencio

- God helps those who help themselves

b) (=serve o.s.) servirse

help yourself! — ¡sírvete!

she helped herself to vegetables — se sirvió verdura

c) (=take sth)

"can I borrow your pen?" - "help yourself" — -¿me prestas el bolígrafo? -cógelo

d) * (=steal)

he's helped himself to my pencil — me ha mangado el lápiz *

e) (=prevent o.s.)

I screamed with pain, I couldn't help myself — grité del dolor, no lo pude evitar

3.

VI ayudar

I was only trying to help — solo intentaba ayudar

that doesn't help much — eso no sirve de mucho

it helps if you plan ahead — resulta más fácil si haces los planes por adelantado

every little helps — todo ayuda

4.

EXCL

help! — ¡socorro!, ¡auxilio!

5.

CPD

help desk N — servicio m de asistencia

help menu N — (Comput) menú m de ayuda

- help along

- help out

* * *

I
1. [help]
transitive verb

1) ( assist) ayudar

can I help you? — ( in shop) ¿qué desea?

so help me God — (frml) y que Dios me asista (frml)

to help somebody (to) + INF — ayudar a alguien a + inf

she helped the old lady across the road — ayudó a la anciana a cruzar la calle; see also help out

2) (avoid, prevent) (usu neg or interrog)

I can't help it — no lo puedo remediar

I can't help the way I look — si soy así ¿qué (le) voy a hacer?

they can't help being poor — no tienen la culpa de ser pobres

I can't help thinking that... — no puedo menos que pensar que...

are you going to visit them? - not if I can help it — ¿los vas a ir a ver? - no si lo puedo evitar

oh, well, it can't be helped — bueno, paciencia or ¿qué se le va a hacer?

3) (serve food, goods)

to help somebody TO something — servirle* algo a alguien

2.

vi \<\<person/remark\>\> ayudar; \<\<tool\>\> servir*

I was only trying to help! — sólo quería ayudar

calling her a liar didn't help much either — llamarla mentirosa tampoco sirvió de mucho

every little bit (AmE) o (BrE) every little helps — muchos pocos hacen un mucho

to help to + INF — ayudar a + inf

3.

v refl

to help oneself

1) ( assist) ayudarse (a sí mismo)

2) ( resist impulse) (usu neg) controlarse

I can't help myself — no me puedo controlar

3) ( take)

to help oneself (TO something) — \<\<to food/a drink\>\> servirse* (algo)

can I use your phone? - help yourself — ¿puedo llamar por teléfono? - estás en tu casa

help yourself to any books you want — agarra or toma or (Esp) coge los libros que quieras

he helped himself to $10 from the till — se agenció 10 dólares de la caja (fam)

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- help out

II

noun

1) u

a) ( rescue) ayuda f

don't panic: help is on the o its way — calma, que ya vienen a ayudarnos; (as interj)

help! — socorro!, auxilio!

to go for help — ir* a buscar ayuda, ir* a por ayuda (Esp)

to call for/send for help — pedir*/mandar a buscar ayuda

b) ( assistance) ayuda f

thanks for your help with the dishes — gracias por ayudarme con los platos

was that book any help? — ¿te sirvió de algo el libro?

can I be of (any) help to you? — ¿la/lo puedo ayudar (en algo)?

that's a great help! — (iro) pues vaya ayuda! (iró); (before n) <file, button> ( Comput) de ayuda

2) u ( staff) personal m; ( domestic) servicio m doméstico

English-spanish dictionary > help
4 befriend

bɪˈfrend гл. относиться дружески;
помогать, содействовать, поддерживать Syn: help, favour, assist, promote, further
относиться дружески;
способствовать, помогать - to * one another помогать друг другу - he *ed the lost boy он выручил из беды потерявшегося мальчика

befriend относиться дружески;
помогать

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > befriend
5 LOA

1) Геология: Level Of Activity

2) Морской термин: длина судна

3) Медицина: left occiput anterior

4) Американизм: Letter Of Agency

5) Военный термин: Lead Operational Authority, Length Over All, Letter Of Arrival, Letter of Assist, leave of absence, letter of acceptance, letter of advice, letter of agreement, letter of authority, letter of offer and acceptance, light observation aircraft, local overseas allowance

6) Техника: lines-of-assurance

7) Религия: League Of Angels, Love One Another

8) Грубое выражение: Losers Of America

9) Оптика: laser optoacoustic

10) Сокращение: Lands of Adventure, Launch On Assessment, Letter Of Acceptance / Agreement

11) Университет: Limit Of Advance

12) Физиология: Left Occipitoanterior

13) Нефть: list of acronyms

14) Деловая лексика: Letter Of Award, Line Of Affiliation

15) Полимеры: Letter of Access

16) Автоматика: line of action

17) Энергосистемы: loss of availability

18) Военно-политический термин: (Letter of Offer and Acceptance) Контракт на поставку военного имущества и услуг

19) Фантастика Legion Of The Apocalypse

20) Имена и фамилии: Little Orphan Annie

21) Чат: Look Of Adoration

22) Аэропорты: Lorraine, Queensland, Australia

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > LOA
6 loa

1) Геология: Level Of Activity

2) Морской термин: длина судна

3) Медицина: left occiput anterior

4) Американизм: Letter Of Agency

5) Военный термин: Lead Operational Authority, Length Over All, Letter Of Arrival, Letter of Assist, leave of absence, letter of acceptance, letter of advice, letter of agreement, letter of authority, letter of offer and acceptance, light observation aircraft, local overseas allowance

6) Техника: lines-of-assurance

7) Религия: League Of Angels, Love One Another

8) Грубое выражение: Losers Of America

9) Оптика: laser optoacoustic

10) Сокращение: Lands of Adventure, Launch On Assessment, Letter Of Acceptance / Agreement

11) Университет: Limit Of Advance

12) Физиология: Left Occipitoanterior

13) Нефть: list of acronyms

14) Деловая лексика: Letter Of Award, Line Of Affiliation

15) Полимеры: Letter of Access

16) Автоматика: line of action

17) Энергосистемы: loss of availability

18) Военно-политический термин: (Letter of Offer and Acceptance) Контракт на поставку военного имущества и услуг

19) Фантастика Legion Of The Apocalypse

20) Имена и фамилии: Little Orphan Annie

21) Чат: Look Of Adoration

22) Аэропорты: Lorraine, Queensland, Australia

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > loa
7 Mungo

MUNGO
Recovered wool fibres obtained from wool rags, cuttings, and other wool waste. It is low grade and the fibres are usually less than 1-in. It is used as weft with cotton warps for cheap blankets and other fabrics. The method of manufacturing mungo and shoddy are the same; the processes consist in dusting, sorting, seaming, oiling, and grinding. Dusting is largely a hygenic process. Sorting is in accordance with either quality or colour, or both. Seaming refers to the taking out of every little bit of cotton thread, which would otherwise cause " flecked " pieces. Oiling is to assist gliding of the fibres on one another during spinning. Grinding refers to the teasing out of the fibres, so that as much as possible of the original length of staple shall be retained.

Dictionary of the English textile terms > Mungo
8 help

help [help]

aide ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) secours ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) personnel ⇒ 1 (c) femme de ménage ⇒ 1 (d) aider ⇒ 2 (a) secourir ⇒ 2 (a) contribuer à ⇒ 2 (b) encourager ⇒ 2 (b) améliorer ⇒ 2 (c) servir ⇒ 2 (d) être utile ⇒ 3

1 noun

(a) (gen) aide f, assistance f; (to drowning or wounded person) secours m, assistance f;

∎ thank you for your help merci de votre aide;

∎ can I be of any help? puis-je faire quelque chose pour vous?, puis-je vous rendre service?;

∎ we're happy to have been of help nous sommes contents d'avoir pu rendre service;

∎ I had help (I didn't do it on my own) on m'a aidé;

∎ he went to get help il est allé chercher du secours;

∎ we yelled for help nous avons crié au secours;

∎ with the help of a neighbour avec l'aide d'un voisin;

∎ he opened the window with the help of a crowbar il a ouvert la fenêtre à l'aide d'un levier;

∎ she did it without any help elle l'a fait toute seule;

∎ the map wasn't much help la carte n'a pas servi à grand-chose;

∎ I could never have done it without your help jamais je n'aurais pu le faire sans vous ou votre aide;

∎ some students need help to decide which course to take certains étudiants ont besoin qu'on les aide à choisir leur cursus;

∎ she needs help going upstairs il faut qu'elle se fasse aider pour ou elle a besoin qu'on l'aide à monter l'escalier;

∎ familiar she needs help il faut qu'elle voie un psychiatre, elle a des problèmes psychologiques;

∎ familiar if you think that's funny, you need help si tu trouves ça drôle, c'est que tu dois avoir un problème;

∎ the situation is now beyond help la situation est désespérée ou irrémédiable maintenant;

∎ he's past help (is dying) il est perdu; (is crazy, stupid) on ne peut rien pour lui;

∎ there's no help for it on n'y peut rien

(b) (something that assists) aide f, secours m;

∎ that was a big help (to me) ça m'a beaucoup aidé;

∎ you've been a great help vous m'avez été d'un grand secours, vous m'avez beaucoup aidé;

∎ ironic he's a great help! il est d'un précieux secours!

(c) (UNCOUNT) (employees) personnel m, employés mpl;

∎ it's hard to get good help il est difficile de trouver des employés sérieux;

∎ help wanted (sign) cherchons employés

(d) (domestic worker) femme f de ménage

2 transitive verb

(a) (assist, aid → gen) aider; (→ elderly, poor, wounded) secourir, venir en aide à;

∎ come and help me viens m'aider;

∎ can I help you with the dishes? puis-je t'aider à faire la vaisselle?;

∎ they got their neighbours to help them move ils se sont fait aider par leurs voisins pour le déménagement;

∎ they help one another take care of the children ils s'entraident pour s'occuper des enfants;

∎ we want to help poorer countries to help themselves nous voulons aider les pays sous-développés à devenir autonomes ou à se prendre en main;

∎ he helped me on/off with my coat il m'a aidé à mettre/enlever mon manteau;

∎ euphemism a man is helping the police with their enquiries la police est en train d'interroger un suspect;

∎ she helped the old man to his feet/across the street elle a aidé le vieux monsieur à se lever/à traverser la rue;

∎ let me help you up/down laissez-moi vous aider à monter/descendre;

∎ it might help if you took more exercise ça irait peut-être mieux si tu faisais un peu plus d'exercice;

∎ it helped me knowing that someone was waiting for me ça m'a aidé de savoir que quelqu'un m'attendait;

∎ can I help you? (in shop) vous désirez?;

∎ Grant Publishing, how may I help you? (on telephone) ≃ les Éditions Grant, bonjour;

∎ Law do you swear to tell the truth, so help you God? jurez-vous de dire la vérité, que Dieu vous vienne en aide?;

∎ so help me God! je le jure devant Dieu!;

∎ familiar I'll get you for this, so help me j'aurai ta peau, je le jure!;

∎ proverb God helps those who help themselves aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera

(b) (contribute to) contribuer à; (encourage) encourager, favoriser;

∎ the rain helped firefighters to bring the flames under control la pluie a permis aux pompiers de maîtriser l'incendie;

∎ it helped to ease my headache cela a soulagé mon mal de tête;

∎ it helped to give the impression that… cela a contribué à donner l'impression que…, à cause de cela, on avait l'impression que…

(c) (improve, remedy → situation) améliorer; (→ pain) atténuer;

∎ this cream should help your back pain cette crème devrait te soulager de ton mal de dos;

∎ that doesn't help the situation, that doesn't help much cela ne nous avance pas (beaucoup);

∎ crying won't help matters cela ne sert à rien ou n'arrange rien de pleurer;

∎ ironic to help matters, it started to pour with rain pour tout arranger, il s'est mis à pleuvoir des cordes

(d) (serve) servir;

∎ she helped me to more rice elle m'a servi du riz une deuxième fois;

∎ I helped myself to the cheese je me suis servi en fromage;

∎ help yourself! servez-vous!;

∎ they helped themselves to more meat ils ont repris de la viande;

∎ euphemism he helped himself to the petty cash il a pioché ou il s'est servi dans la caisse

(e) (with "can", usu negative) (avoid, refrain from) I can't help thinking that we could have done more je ne peux pas m'empêcher de penser qu'on aurait pu faire plus;

∎ we couldn't help laughing or but laugh nous ne pouvions pas nous empêcher de rire;

∎ I couldn't help overhearing je n'ai pu m'empêcher de surprendre la conversation;

∎ she never writes any more than she can help elle ne se foule pas pour écrire, elle écrit un minimum de lettres ou le moins possible

(f) (with "can", usu negative) (control) she can't help her temper elle ne peut rien à ses colères;

∎ I tried not to laugh but I couldn't help myself j'essayais de ne pas rire mais c'était plus fort que moi;

∎ they can't help being born there ils n'ont pas demandé à naître là;

∎ I'm not going back if I can help it si j'ai le choix, je n'y retournerai pas;

∎ I can't help it je n'y peux rien, ce n'est pas de ma faute;

∎ he can't help it if she doesn't like it il n'y est pour rien ou ce n'est pas de sa faute si cela ne lui plaît pas;

∎ can he help it if the train is late? est-ce que c'est de sa faute si le train est en retard?;

∎ it can't be helped tant pis! on n'y peut rien ou on ne peut pas faire autrement;

∎ are they coming? - not if I can help it! est-ce qu'ils viennent? - pas si j'ai mon mot à dire!

3 intransitive verb

être utile;

∎ can I help? est-ce que je peux faire quelque chose?;

∎ is there anything I can do to help? puis-je être utile?;

∎ she helps a lot around the house elle se rend très utile à la maison, elle rend souvent service à la maison;

∎ he offered to help with the clearing up il a proposé de nous/les/ etc aider à ranger;

∎ I was only trying to help! je voulais seulement vous/les/ etc aider!;

∎ it helps if you can speak the language c'est plus facile si on parle la langue;

∎ losing your temper isn't going to help ça ne sert à rien de perdre ton calme;

∎ forgetting the map didn't help le fait d'avoir oublié la carte n'a pas arrangé les choses;

∎ it's near the post office if that helps c'est près du bureau de poste si ça peut vous aider;

∎ every little helps les petits ruisseaux font les grandes rivières;

∎ every penny helps il n'y a pas de petites économies

4 exclamation

(in distress) au secours!, à l'aide!; (in dismay) zut!, mince!;

∎ help!, I'm late! mince!, je suis en retard!

►► Computing help button case f d'aide;

help desk service m d'assistance téléphonique; Computing (for computing queries) service m d'assistance;

Computing help file fichier m d'aide;

Computing help key touche f d'aide;

Computing help menu menu m d'aide;

Computing help screen écran m d'aide

➲ help along separable transitive verb

(person) aider à marcher ou avancer; (plan, project) faire avancer

➲ help out

1 separable transitive verb

(gen) aider, venir en aide à; (with supplies, money) dépanner;

∎ the scholarship really helped her out la bourse lui a été d'un grand secours;

∎ she helps us out in the shop from time to time elle vient nous donner un coup de main au magasin de temps en temps;

∎ they help each other out ils s'entraident;

∎ she helps him out with his homework elle l'aide à faire ses devoirs

2 intransitive verb

aider, donner un coup de main

✾ Film 'Help!' Lester 'Quatre garçons dans le vent'

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > help
9 back

1.
[bæk]noun

1) (of person, animal) Rücken, der

stand back to back — Rücken an Rücken stehen

as soon as my back was turned — (fig.) sowie ich den Rücken gedreht hatte

turn one's back on somebody — jemandem den Rücken zuwenden; (fig.): (abandon somebody) jemanden im Stich lassen

turn one's back on something — (fig.) sich um etwas nicht kümmern

get or put somebody's back up — (fig.) jemanden wütend machen

be glad to see the back of somebody/something — (fig.) froh sein, jemanden/etwas nicht mehr sehen zu müssen

have one's back to the wall — (fig.) mit dem Rücken zur Wand stehen

get off my back — (fig. coll.) lass mich zufrieden

have somebody/something on one's back — (fig.) jemanden/etwas am Hals haben (ugs.)

put one's back into something — (fig.) sich für etwas mit allen Kräften einsetzen

2) (outer or rear surface) Rücken, der; (of vehicle) Heck, das; (inside car) Rücksitz, der

the car went into the back of me — (coll.) das Auto ist mir hinten reingefahren (ugs.)

with the back of one's hand — mit dem Handrücken

know something like the back of one's hand — (fig.) etwas wie seine Westentasche kennen

the back of one's/the head — der Hinterkopf

the back of the leg — die Wade

3) (of book) (spine) [Buch]rücken, der; (final pages) Ende, das

at the back [of the book] — hinten [im Buch]

4) (of dress) Rücken, der; (of knife) [Messer]rücken, der

5) (more remote part) hinterer Teil

at the back [of something] — hinten [in etwas (Dat.)]; im hinteren Teil [von etwas]

6) (of chair) [Rücken]lehne, die; (of house, cheque) Rückseite, die; (back wall) Rückseite, die; Rückwand, die

back to front — verkehrt rum

please get to the back of the queue — bitte, stellen Sie sich hinten an

in back of something — (Amer.) hinter etwas (Dat.)

7) (Sport): (player) Verteidiger, der

8) (of ship) Kiel, der
2. adjective, no compar.; superl.
backmost ['bækməʊst]

1) (situated behind) hinter...

2) (of the past) früher

back issue — alte Ausgabe

3) (overdue) rückständig [Lohn, Steuern]
3. adverb
1) (to the rear) zurück

step back — zurücktreten

2) (behind) zurück; weiter hinten

we passed a pub two miles back — wir sind vor zwei Meilen an einem Pub vorbeigefahren

back and forth — hin und her

back of something — (Amer.) hinter etwas (Dat.)

3) (at a distance)

the house stands a long way back from the road — das Haus steht weit von der Straße zurück

4) (to original position, home) [wieder] zurück

I got my letter back — ich habe meinen Brief zurückbekommen

the journey back — die Rückfahrt/der Rückflug

there and back — hin und zurück

5) (to original condition) wieder

6) (in the past) zurück

go a long way back — weit zurückgehen

a week/month back — vor einer Woche/vor einem Monat

7) (in return) zurück

I got a letter back — er/sie hat mir wiedergeschrieben
4. transitive verb
1) (assist) helfen (+ Dat.); unterstützen [Person, Sache]

2) (bet on) wetten od. setzen auf (+ Akk.) [Pferd, Gewinner, Favorit]

back the wrong/right horse — (lit. or fig.) aufs falsche/richtige Pferd setzen (ugs.)

3) (cause to move back) zurücksetzen [mit] [Fahrzeug]; rückwärts gehen lassen [Pferd]

4) (put or act as a back to) [an der Rückseite] verstärken

5) (endorse) indossieren [Wechsel, Scheck]

6) (lie at the back of)

back something — hinten an etwas (Akk.) grenzen

7) (Mus.) begleiten
5. intransitive verb
zurücksetzen

back into/out of something — rückwärts in etwas (Akk.)/aus etwas fahren

back on to something — hinten an etwas (Akk.) grenzen

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/4912/back_down">back down

- back out

- back up

* * *
[bæk] 1. noun
1) (in man, the part of the body from the neck to the bottom of the spine: She lay on her back.) der Rücken

2) (in animals, the upper part of the body: She put the saddle on the horse's back.) der Rücken

3) (that part of anything opposite to or furthest from the front: the back of the house; She sat at the back of the hall.) die Rückseite

4) (in football, hockey etc a player who plays behind the forwards.) der/die Verteidiger/-in
2. adjective
(of or at the back: the back door.) rückwärtig
3. adverb
1) (to, or at, the place or person from which a person or thing came: I went back to the shop; He gave the car back to its owner.) zurück

2) (away (from something); not near (something): Move back! Let the ambulance get to the injured man; Keep back from me or I'll hit you!)

3) (towards the back (of something): Sit back in your chair.) zurück

4) (in return; in response to: When the teacher is scolding you, don't answer back.) zurück

5) (to, or in, the past: Think back to your childhood.) zurück
4. verb
1) (to (cause to) move backwards: He backed (his car) out of the garage.) (sich) rückwärts bewegen

2) (to help or support: Will you back me against the others?) unterstützen, Rückhalt bieten

3) (to bet or gamble on: I backed your horse to win.) setzen auf

•

- backer
- backbite
- backbiting
- backbone
- backbreaking
- backdate
- backfire
- background
- backhand 5. adverb
(using backhand: She played the stroke backhand; She writes backhand.) Schlag mit der Rückhand

- backlog
- back-number
- backpack
- backpacking: go backpacking
- backpacker
- backside
- backslash
- backstroke
- backup
- backwash
- backwater
- backyard
- back down
- back of
- back on to
- back out
- back up
- have one's back to the wall
- put someone's back up
- take a back seat
* * *

back

[bæk]

I. n

1. (of body) Rücken m

to be on one's \back (be ill) daniederliegen geh, flachliegen sl

behind sb's \back ( fig) hinter jds Rücken

to lie on one's \back auf dem Rücken liegen

to put [or throw] one's \back out sich akk verheben [o ÖSTERR verreißen] [o SCHWEIZ überlüpfen]

to slap sb on the \back jdm auf den Rücken klopfen

\back to \back Rücken an Rücken

2. (not front) of building, page Rückseite f; of car Heck nt; of chair Lehne f; (in car) Rücksitz[e] m[pl], Fond m fachspr

we sat at the \back of the theatre wir saßen ganz hinten im Theater

Ted is out [or BRIT, AUS round] the \back [or AM out \back] Ted ist draußen hinter dem [o fam hinterm] Haus

at [or in] the \back [of the bus/book] hinten [im Bus/Buch]

in the \back of the car auf dem Rücksitz [o fachspr im Fond]

\back to front verkehrt herum

\back of the hand/head/leg Handrücken m/Hinterkopf m/Wade f

3. SPORT (player) Verteidiger(in) m(f)

4.

▶ at sb's \back (supporting) hinter jdm; (pursuing) hinter jdm her fam

▶ at the \back of beyond am Ende der Welt hum, jwd hum fam

▶ to do sth on the \back of sth etw auf der Basis [o aufgrund] einer S. gen tun

▶ to get off sb's \back jdn in Ruhe lassen

▶ to get [or put] sb's \back up jdn in Rage bringen [o versetzen], jdn wütend machen

▶ to be glad to see the \back of sb froh sein, jdn los zu sein

▶ to have one's \back against the wall mit dem Rücken zur [o an der] Wand stehen

▶ to know sth \back to front etw im Schlaf [o fam vorwärts und rückwärts] können

▶ to know sth like the \back of one's hand etw in- und auswendig [o wie seine Westentasche] kennen fam

▶ in [or at] the \back of one's mind im Hinterkopf

▶ to have sb/sth on one's \back jdn/etw am [o auf dem] Hals haben fam

the cops are on my \back ich habe die Bullen am Hals fam

▶ to put sb on sb's \back jdm jdn auf den Hals schicken [o hetzen] fam

▶ to put one's \back into sth sich akk in etw akk hineinknien fam

▶ to ride on the \back of sth im Fahrwasser einer S. gen mitschwimmen fam

▶ to stab sb in the \back jdm in den Rücken fallen

▶ to turn one's \back on sb (reject) sich akk von jdm abwenden; (ignore) jdm den Rücken [zu]kehren; (let down) jdn im Stich lassen

II. adj attr, inv

1.

< backmost>

(rear) Hinter-

\back door Hintertür f

\back entrance Hintereingang m

\back leg Hinterbein nt

\back pocket Gesäßtasche f

\back seat Rücksitz m

\back tooth Backenzahn m

2. (of body) pain, problems Rücken-

3. (old) alt

\back issue alte Ausgabe

\back orders Auftragsrückstand m

4.

▶ to be on the \back burner ( fam) auf Eis liegen fam

▶ to put sth on the \back burner ( fam) etw auf Eis legen fam

III. adv inv

1. (to previous place) [wieder] zurück, SCHWEIZ a. [wieder] retour

there and \back hin und zurück

to be \back [wieder] zurück [o wieder da] sein

I'll be \back ich komme wieder

to bring \back memories Erinnerungen wecken

to come \back zurückkommen, SCHWEIZ a. retour kommen

to come \back [into fashion] wieder in Mode kommen

to put sth \back etw zurücklegen

to want sb/sth \back jdn/etw zurück[haben] [o SCHWEIZ a. retour [haben]] wollen fam

2. (to rear)

\back and forth hin und her

to hold sb \back ( fig) jdn zurückhalten

don't let anything hold you \back lass dich durch nichts aufhalten

to lie \back sich akk zurücklegen

to look \back zurückblicken a. fig

to sit \back sich akk zurücklehnen

to stand [well] \back zurücktreten, Abstand halten

to throw \back one's head den Kopf zurückwerfen

▪ \back of sb/sth AM (to rear) hinter jdn/etw; (at rear) hinter jdm/etw

3. (in return)

to call \back zurückrufen

to fight [or hit] \back zurückschlagen

to pay sth \back etw zurückzahlen

to write \back zurückschreiben

4. (to past)

as far \back as I can remember so weit ich zurückdenken kann

that was \back in 1950 das war [schon] 1950

two months/years \back vor zwei Monaten/Jahren

5. AM (losing)

we were two points \back wir waren zwei Punkte hinter dem Gegner

6.

▶ to get [or pay] sb \back [or get \back at sb] [for sth] jdm etw heimzahlen

IV. vt

1. (support)

▪ to \back sth idea, plan, proposal etw unterstützen [o befürworten]

▪ to \back sb jdn unterstützen; (encourage) jdm den Rücken stärken

to \back a bill FIN [als Dritter] einen Wechsel unterzeichnen; LAW einen Gesetzesentwurf unterstützen

to \back a horse auf ein Pferd setzen

2. (drive)

she \backed the car into the garage sie fuhr rückwärts in die Garage

3. (accompany)

▪ to \back sb/sth concert, band jdn/etw begleiten

4. TECH (line)

▪ to \back sth etw mit einem Rücken versehen

5.

▶ to \back the wrong horse aufs falsche Pferd setzen fam

V. vi car zurücksetzen

the car \backed down the hill das Auto fuhr rückwärts den Berg hinunter

* * *
[bk]
1. n

1) (of person, animal, book) Rücken m; (of chair) (Rücken)lehne f

with one's back to the engine (Brit) —

to be on one's back (= be ill) — auf der Nase liegen (inf), krank sein

to wear one's hair down one's back — überschulterlange Haare haben

to break one's back (lit) — sich (dat) das Rückgrat brechen; (fig) sich abrackern, sich abmühen

we've broken the back of the job (Brit) — wir sind mit der Arbeit über den Berg (inf)

behind sb's back (fig) — hinter jds Rücken (dat)

to put one's back into sth (fig) — sich bei etw anstrengen, bei etw Einsatz zeigen

to put or get sb's back up — jdn gegen sich aufbringen

to turn one's back on sb (lit) — jdm den Rücken zuwenden; (fig) sich von jdm abwenden

when I needed him he turned his back on me —

get these people off my back (inf) — schaff mir diese Leute vom Hals! (inf)

get off my back! (inf) — lass mich endlich in Ruhe!

he's got the boss on his back all the time — er hat dauernd seinen Chef auf dem Hals

the rich have always lived off the backs of the poor — die Reichen haben immer auf Kosten der Armen gelebt

to have one's back to the wall (fig) — in die Enge getrieben sein/werden

I was pleased to see the back of them (inf) — ich war froh, sie endlich los zu sein (inf)

2) (as opposed to front) Rück- or Hinterseite f; (of hand, dress) Rücken m; (of house, page, coin, cheque) Rückseite f; (of material) linke Seite

I know London like the back of my hand — ich kenne London wie meine Westentasche

the index is at the back of the book — das Verzeichnis ist hinten im Buch

he drove into the back of me — er ist mir hinten reingefahren (inf)

on the back of his hand — auf dem Handrücken

the back of one's head — der Hinterkopf

at/on the back of the bus — hinten im/am Bus

in the back (of a car) —

one thing was at the back of my mind — ich hatte dabei eine Überlegung im Hinterkopf

there's one other worry at the back of my mind — da ist noch etwas, das mich beschäftigt

right at the back of the cupboard — ganz hinten im Schrank

at the back of the stage — im Hintergrund der Bühne

at the back of the garage (inside) — hinten in der Garage; (outside) hinter der Garage

at the back of beyond — am Ende der Welt, jwd (hum)

in back (US) — hinten

3) (FTBL) Verteidiger(in) m(f); (RUGBY) Hinterspieler(in) m(f)

2. adj
Hinter-; rent ausstehend, rückständig
back wheel — Hinterrad nt

3. adv

1)

(= to the rear) (stand) back! — zurück(treten)!, (treten Sie) zurück!

back and forth — hin und her

2) (= in return) zurück

to pay sth back — etw zurückzahlen

3) (= returning) zurück

to come/go back — zurückkommen/-gehen

to fly to London and back — nach London und zurück fliegen

there and back — hin und zurück

4) (= again) wieder

he went back several times — er fuhr noch öfters wieder hin

I'll never go back — da gehe ich nie wieder hin

she is back at work — sie arbeitet wieder

back in London — zurück in London

5)

(= ago in time phrases) a week back — vor einer Woche

back in March, 1987 —

far back in the past — vor langer, langer Zeit, vor Urzeiten

4. prep (US)

back of — hinter

5. vt

1) (= support) unterstützen

I will back you whatever you do — egal was du tust, ich stehe hinter dir

if the bank won't back us — wenn die Bank nicht mitmacht

to back a bill (Fin) — einen Wechsel indossieren

2) (BETTING) setzen or wetten auf (+acc)

the horse was heavily backed — auf das Pferd wurden viele Wetten abgeschlossen

3) (= cause to move) car zurückfahren or -setzen; cart zurückfahren; horse rückwärts gehen lassen

he backed his car into the tree/garage — er fuhr rückwärts gegen den Baum/in die Garage

to back water (Naut) — rückwärts rudern

4) (MUS) singer begleiten

5) (= put sth behind) picture mit einem Rücken versehen, unterlegen; (= stick on) aufziehen

6. vi

1) (= move backwards car, train) zurücksetzen or -fahren

the car backed into the garage — das Auto fuhr rückwärts in die Garage

she backed into me — sie fuhr rückwärts in mein Auto

2) (NAUT wind) drehen

* * *

back¹ [bæk]

A s

1. ANAT, ZOOL

a) Rücken m

b) Rückgrat n, Kreuz n:

at the (US in) back of hinter (dat);

be at the back of sth hinter etwas stecken;

behind sb’s back

a) hinter jemandes Rücken (a. fig),

b) fig in jemandes Abwesenheit;

on one’s back

a) auf dem Leib (Kleidungsstück),

b) auch flat on one’s back bettlägerig, krank

c) auch flat on one’s back hilflos, aufgeschmissen umg;

carry sth on one’s back etwas auf dem Rücken tragen;

have sb on one’s back jemanden auf dem Hals haben;

with one’s back to the wall mit dem Rücken zur Wand;

have one’s back to the wall mit dem Rücken zur Wand stehen;

spend every penny on one’s back sein ganzes Geld für Kleidung ausgeben;

break one’s back sich abplagen;

break sb’s back

a) jemandem das Kreuz brechen (a. fig),

b) fig jemanden zugrunde richten oder umg fertigmachen;

break the back of sth das Schwierigste einer Sache hinter sich bringen;

put ( oder get) sb’s back up jemanden auf die Palme bringen;

put one’s back into sth sich bei einer Sache ins Zeug legen, sich in eine Sache hineinknien;

be glad ( oder pleased) to see the back of sb froh sein, jemanden los zu sein;

I hope I’ve seen the back of him hoffentlich sehe ich den Kerl nie wieder;

turn one’s back on sb

a) jemandem den Rücken zuwenden,

b) fig jemandem den Rücken kehren, sich von jemandem abkehren;

make a back einen Buckel machen, sich bücken;

back to back

a) Rücken an Rücken,

b) bes US nacheinander;

he has a strong back er hat einen breiten Rücken oder Buckel (a. fig); → scratch C 2

2. Hinter-, Rückseite f (des Kopfes, Hauses, Briefes, einer Tür etc), Unterseite f (eines Blattes), (Buch-, Berg-, Messer- etc) Rücken m, Kehrseite f (eines Bildes etc), (Rück)Lehne f (eines Stuhls), linke Seite (des Tuches), Boden m (eines Saiteninstruments):

back of one’s ( oder the) hand Handrücken;

know sth back to front etwas in- und auswendig kennen;

know a place like the back of one’s hand einen Ort wie seine Hosentasche kennen;

run into the back of sb AUTO jemandem hinten reinfahren;

he ran into the back of another car er hatte einen Auffahrunfall

3. hinterer oder rückwärtiger oder entfernt gelegener Teil, Hintergrund m:

back of the head Hinterkopf m:

back of the house rückwärtiger oder hinterer Teil des Hauses;

at ( oder in) the back of beyond fig bes Br wo sich Fuchs und Hase gute Nacht sagen, am Ende oder sl Arsch der Welt;

his name was (somewhere) at ( oder in) the back of my mind ich erinnerte mich dunkel an seinen Namen;

have sth at the back of one’s mind insgeheim an etwas denken;

at the back of the stage im Hintergrund der Bühne;

at the back of the plane hinten im Flugzeug;

in the back of the car auf dem Rücksitz oder im Fond des Autos

4. Rückenteil m (eines Kleidungsstückes):

have one’s pullover on back to front den Pullover verkehrt herum anhaben

5. Hinterstück n:

back of a roe GASTR Rehziemer m

6. ARCH Hauptdachbalken m

7. → backyard

8. SPORT Verteidiger(in)

B adj

1. rückwärtig, letzt(er, e, es), hinter(er, e, es), Hinter…, Rück…, Nach…:

back entrance Hintereingang m;

back pass SPORT

a) Rückpass m,

b) Rückgabe f (zum Tormann)

2. fern, abgelegen:

back country Hinterland n;

back province finster(st)e Provinz

3. LING hinten im Mund geformt:

a back vowel ein dunkler Vokal

4. rückläufig:

back flow Rückfluss m

5. rückständig (Miete etc):

back tax Steuerrückstände pl

6. alt, zurückliegend:

back copy → back number 1;

back issue alte Ausgabe (einer Zeitung etc)

C adv

1. zurück, rückwärts:

a) back and forth hin und her

b) vor und zurück;

two miles back zwei Meilen zurück oder weiter hinten; (siehe die Verbindungen mit den entsprechenden Verben)

2. (wieder) zurück:

he is back (again) er ist wieder da;

back home

a) wieder zu Hause,

b) US daheim, bei uns (zu Lande);

be back in fashion wieder modern sein; → nature 1 d

3. zurück, vorher:

20 years back vor 20 Jahren;

back in 1900 (damals oder noch oder schon) im Jahre 1900

4. umg zurück, im Rückstand:

be back in one’s rent mit der Miete im Rückstand sein

D v/t

1. a) auch back up jemanden od etwas unterstützen, eintreten für, jemandem den Rücken stärken, jemanden decken, etwas bekräftigen, untermauern, belegen, WIRTSCH die Währung etc stützen, Noten decken

b) back up COMPUT Daten sichern

2. auch back up zurückbewegen, einen Wagen, eine Maschine, ein Pferd etc rückwärts fahren oder laufen lassen:

back one’s car up mit dem Auto rückwärts fahren oder zurückstoßen;

back the car out of the garage den Wagen rückwärts aus der Garage fahren;

back water

a) SCHIFF ein Schiff rückwärts rudern, rückwärts fahren,

b) US umg einen Rückzieher machen

3. wetten oder setzen auf (akk): → horse A 1

4. a) ein Pferd etc besteigen

b) ein Pferd zureiten

5. auch back up ein Buch etc mit einem Rücken versehen, an der Rückseite verstärken, einen Stuhl mit einer Lehne oder Rückenverstärkung versehen

6. TECH beschichten, mit einem Überzug versehen

7. TECH, auch ein Kleidungsstück füttern ( with mit)

8. WIRTSCH einen Scheck indossieren, gegenzeichnen, einen Wechsel als Bürge unterschreiben, avalieren

9. auf der Rückseite beschreiben oder bedrucken

10. den Hintergrund (gen) bilden, hinten grenzen an (akk)

11. umg auf dem Rücken tragen, auf den Rücken nehmen

12. JAGD hinter und mit dem Leithund (vor)stehen (Meute)

E v/i

1. oft back up sich zurückbewegen, sich rückwärts bewegen, zurückgehen oder -treten oder -fahren, AUTO auch zurückstoßen:

back out rückwärts herausfahren (of aus)

2. links umspringen, rückdrehen (Wind)

3. back and fill

a) SCHIFF back und voll brassen, lavieren,

b) fig unschlüssig sein

4. back onto hinten angrenzen an (akk)

back² [bæk] s Bottich m, Kufe f

* * *
1.
[bæk]noun

1) (of person, animal) Rücken, der

stand back to back — Rücken an Rücken stehen

as soon as my back was turned — (fig.) sowie ich den Rücken gedreht hatte

turn one's back on somebody — jemandem den Rücken zuwenden; (fig.): (abandon somebody) jemanden im Stich lassen

turn one's back on something — (fig.) sich um etwas nicht kümmern

get or put somebody's back up — (fig.) jemanden wütend machen

be glad to see the back of somebody/something — (fig.) froh sein, jemanden/etwas nicht mehr sehen zu müssen

have one's back to the wall — (fig.) mit dem Rücken zur Wand stehen

get off my back — (fig. coll.) lass mich zufrieden

have somebody/something on one's back — (fig.) jemanden/etwas am Hals haben (ugs.)

put one's back into something — (fig.) sich für etwas mit allen Kräften einsetzen

2) (outer or rear surface) Rücken, der; (of vehicle) Heck, das; (inside car) Rücksitz, der

the car went into the back of me — (coll.) das Auto ist mir hinten reingefahren (ugs.)

with the back of one's hand — mit dem Handrücken

know something like the back of one's hand — (fig.) etwas wie seine Westentasche kennen

the back of one's/the head — der Hinterkopf

the back of the leg — die Wade

3) (of book) (spine) [Buch]rücken, der; (final pages) Ende, das

at the back [of the book] — hinten [im Buch]

4) (of dress) Rücken, der; (of knife) [Messer]rücken, der

5) (more remote part) hinterer Teil

at the back [of something] — hinten [in etwas (Dat.)]; im hinteren Teil [von etwas]

6) (of chair) [Rücken]lehne, die; (of house, cheque) Rückseite, die; (back wall) Rückseite, die; Rückwand, die

back to front — verkehrt rum

please get to the back of the queue — bitte, stellen Sie sich hinten an

in back of something — (Amer.) hinter etwas (Dat.)

7) (Sport): (player) Verteidiger, der

8) (of ship) Kiel, der
2. adjective, no compar.; superl.
backmost ['bækməʊst]

1) (situated behind) hinter...

2) (of the past) früher

back issue — alte Ausgabe

3) (overdue) rückständig [Lohn, Steuern]
3. adverb
1) (to the rear) zurück

step back — zurücktreten

2) (behind) zurück; weiter hinten

we passed a pub two miles back — wir sind vor zwei Meilen an einem Pub vorbeigefahren

back and forth — hin und her

back of something — (Amer.) hinter etwas (Dat.)

3) (at a distance)

the house stands a long way back from the road — das Haus steht weit von der Straße zurück

4) (to original position, home) [wieder] zurück

I got my letter back — ich habe meinen Brief zurückbekommen

the journey back — die Rückfahrt/der Rückflug

there and back — hin und zurück

5) (to original condition) wieder

6) (in the past) zurück

go a long way back — weit zurückgehen

a week/month back — vor einer Woche/vor einem Monat

7) (in return) zurück

I got a letter back — er/sie hat mir wiedergeschrieben
4. transitive verb
1) (assist) helfen (+ Dat.); unterstützen [Person, Sache]

2) (bet on) wetten od. setzen auf (+ Akk.) [Pferd, Gewinner, Favorit]

back the wrong/right horse — (lit. or fig.) aufs falsche/richtige Pferd setzen (ugs.)

3) (cause to move back) zurücksetzen [mit] [Fahrzeug]; rückwärts gehen lassen [Pferd]

4) (put or act as a back to) [an der Rückseite] verstärken

5) (endorse) indossieren [Wechsel, Scheck]

6) (lie at the back of)

back something — hinten an etwas (Akk.) grenzen

7) (Mus.) begleiten
5. intransitive verb
zurücksetzen

back into/out of something — rückwärts in etwas (Akk.)/aus etwas fahren

back on to something — hinten an etwas (Akk.) grenzen

Phrasal Verbs:

- back down

- back out

- back up

* * *

adj.

retour adj.

zurück adj. n.

Heck -e n.

Kehrseite f.

Rücken - m.

Rückseite f. v.

unterstützen v.

English-german dictionary > back
10 pass

I [pɑːs] [AE pæs]
nome

1) (to enter, leave) lasciapassare m.; (for journalists) pass m.; (to be absent) permesso m. (anche mil.); (of safe conduct) salvacondotto m., passi m.

2) (travel document) abbonamento m., tessera f. d'abbonamento

3) scol. univ. promozione f., sufficienza f.

to get a pass in physics — superare l'esame di fisica, prendere la sufficienza in fisica

4) sport (in ball games) passaggio m.; (in fencing) affondo m., stoccata f.

••

to come to such a pass that... — giungere a tale punto che...

to make a pass at sb. — provarci con qcn., fare delle avances a qcn
II [pɑːs] [AE pæs]
nome

1) (in mountains) passo m., valico m., gola f.

2) aer.

to make a pass over sth. — sorvolare qcs., fare un volo di ricognizione su qcs
III 1. [pɑːs] [AE pæs]
verbo transitivo

1) (go past) (to far side) passare [checkpoint, customs]; (alongside and beyond) passare davanti, accanto a, superare, oltrepassare [building, area]; [ vehicle] superare, sorpassare [ vehicle]; superare [ level]; superare, andare al di là di [understanding, expectation]

to pass sb. in the street — incrociare qcn. per strada

2) (hand over) (directly) passare, porgere; (indirectly) fare passare

3) (move) (fare) passare

he passed his hand over his face — si passò la mano sul viso

4) sport passare [ ball]

5) (spend) passare, trascorrere [ time]

6) (succeed in) [ person] passare, superare [ exam]; [car, machine] superare [ test]

7) (declare satisfactory) approvare, promuovere [ candidate]; approvare, accettare [ invoice]

to pass sth. (as being) safe — giudicare qcs. come sicuro

8) (vote in) approvare, fare passare [bill, motion]

9) (pronounce) pronunciare, emettere [judgment, sentence]

to pass a remark — fare un'osservazione

10) med.

to pass water — urinare

to pass blood — avere sangue nelle urine, nelle feci
2.
verbo intransitivo

1) (go past) [person, car] passare, andare oltre

2) (move) passare

to pass through sth. — passare attraverso qcs., attraversare qcs.

pass down the bus — scorrete verso il fondo dell'autobus

3) fig. (go by) [ time] passare, trascorrere

let the remark pass — lascia correre, chiudi un occhio

4) (be transferred) [title, property] passare (in eredità), essere trasmesso; [letter, knowing look] essere scambiato

5) sport passare, effettuare un passaggio

6) gioc. passare

I'm afraid I must pass on that one — fig. (in discussion) temo di dover passare la mano

7) lett. (happen) accadere, succedere

8) (in exam) passare, essere promosso

9) (be accepted) [person, behaviour] essere accettato

she passes for 40 — le danno 40 anni

•

- pass along

- pass around

- pass away

- pass by

- pass down

- pass off

- pass on

- pass out

- pass over

- pass round

- pass through

- pass up

••

it won't pass my lips — non ne farò parola

* * *
1. verb
1) (to move towards and then beyond (something, by going past, through, by, over etc): I pass the shops on my way to work; The procession passed along the corridor.) passare

2) (to move, give etc from one person, state etc to another: They passed the photographs around; The tradition is passed (on/down) from father to son.) passare, trasmettere

3) (to go or be beyond: This passes my understanding.) oltrepassare, superare

4) ((of vehicles etc on a road) to overtake: The sports car passed me at a dangerous bend in the road.) sorpassare, superare

5) (to spend (time): They passed several weeks in the country.) passare

6) ((of an official group, government etc) to accept or approve: The government has passed a resolution.) approvare

7) (to give or announce (a judgement or sentence): The magistrate passed judgement on the prisoner.) pronunciare

8) (to end or go away: His sickness soon passed.) passare

9) (to (judge to) be successful in (an examination etc): I passed my driving test.) passare, superare
2. noun
1) (a narrow path between mountains: a mountain pass.) passo, valico

2) (a ticket or card allowing a person to do something, eg to travel free or to get in to a building: You must show your pass before entering.) lasciapassare

3) (a successful result in an examination, especially when below a distinction, honours etc: There were ten passes and no fails.) (promozione)

4) ((in ball games) a throw, kick, hit etc of the ball from one player to another: The centre-forward made a pass towards the goal.) passaggio

•

- passable
- passing
- passer-by
- password
- in passing
- let something pass
- let pass
- pass as/for
- pass away
- pass the buck
- pass by
- pass off
- pass something or someone off as
- pass off as
- pass on
- pass out
- pass over
- pass up
* * *
pass (1) /pɑ:s/
n.

1 il passare ( anche nei giochi di carte); passaggio

2 approvazione (spec. agli esami); promozione; voto di sufficienza

3 (mil.) lasciapassare; salvacondotto; permesso

4 ( scherma) passata; stoccata

5 ( di solito free pass) biglietto gratuito ( in ferrovia, a teatr., ecc.); tessera di libero ingresso (o circolazione)

6 (tecn.) passata

7 (metall.) passata; ( anche) passo di laminazione

8 (miss.) passaggio ( di satellite)

9 (fig.) situazione (spec. critica)

10 ( sport) passaggio; lancio; appoggio; suggerimento; assist; tocco; imbeccata: a pass forward, un passaggio (o un tocco) in avanti; a through pass, un passaggio filtrante

11 ( tennis) passante: to make a pass, effettuare un passante

12 ( scherma) affondo

13 ( sci) pass; tessera d'ingresso

14 ( di illusionista, d'ipnotizzatore) il passare le mani davanti a (o sopra: un oggetto, una persona)

● (elettron.) pass band, banda passante □ ( università) pass degree, laurea senza gli ► «honours» (► honour) □ pass-fail, promosso o bocciato ( metodo di valutazione scolastica) □ pass key ► passkey □ pass-rate, percentuale dei candidati promossi □ ( sport) to exchange passes, scambiarsi passaggi; palleggiare ( tra due); fraseggiare (fig.) □ (fam.) to make a pass at sb., fare proposte indiscrete (o importune) a q. □ Things have come to a sorry pass, le cose si mettono male; mala tempora currunt (lat.).
pass (2) /pɑ:s/
n.

1 passo, gola, valico ( fra i monti)

2 (mil.) passo fortificato; fortezza di confine

3 ( di un fiume) guado; traghetto

4 canale navigabile (spec. alla foce d'un fiume)

5 apertura (o passaggio) per il pesce ( per superare una chiusa)

● (fig.) to hold the pass, tener duro; resistere □ (fig.) to sell the pass, tradire una causa; passare al nemico.
♦ (to) pass /pɑ:s/
A v. i.

1 passare; andare oltre; procedere; finire; trascorrere; terminare; essere approvato; essere ammesso; essere promosso: We passed through several towns, abbiamo attraversato parecchie città; A lot of time has passed, è trascorso molto tempo; My words passed unnoticed, le mie parole sono passate inosservate; The estate passed to his heirs, la proprietà è passata ai suoi eredi; The bill has passed, il disegno di legge è stato approvato NOTA D'USO: - to pass o to pass by?-

2 accadere; capitare; succedere

3 ( nei giochi di carte) passare; non starci (fam.); passare la mano

4 ( sport) passare; effettuare un passaggio; smistare

5 (autom., ecc.) superare, sorpassare; fare un sorpasso: to pass on the inside, sorpassare all'interno

6 (fam.) rinunciare; dire di no ( a un'offerta) I'll pass, thank you, grazie, per me no

7 (fam. USA: di un nero) farsi passare per bianco; farsi accettare

B v. t.

1 passare; trascorrere; attraversare; oltrepassare; sorpassare, superare: Pass me the salt, please, passami il sale, per favore; to pass the sea [the frontier], passare il mare [il confine]; to pass the time chatting, passare il tempo a chiacchierare; We have passed their house, abbiamo oltrepassato la loro casa

2 approvare; varare ( una legge); ammettere; promuovere; sanzionare: The House of Commons passed the bill, la Camera dei Comuni ha approvato il disegno di legge; He passed eight students out of ten, promosse otto studenti su dieci

3 superare; essere approvato in: to pass an exam [a test], superare un esame [una prova]

4 far passare; trapassare; passare; trafiggere

5 far circolare; mettere in circolazione: They were arrested for passing forged banknotes, sono stati arrestati per aver messo in circolazione banconote false

6 (leg.) emettere; dare; dire; pronunciare; irrogare ( una pena): to pass judgement on sb. [for sb.], pronunciare una sentenza contro q. [a favore di q.]; to pass an opinion on st., dare il proprio parere su qc.

7 passare su (qc.); lasciare correre

8 (fam.) affibbiare, appioppare, sbolognare (fam.)

9 ( sport) passare; smistare; lanciare

10 (autom., ecc.) superare; sorpassare: He passed his rival on the outside, ha sorpassato il concorrente all'esterno

● (fig.) to pass the buck, palleggiarsi le responsabilità; fare a scaricabarile □ (fig.) to pass the buck on sb., scaricare la responsabilità sulle spalle di q. □ to pass criticism on st., criticare qc. □ (fin.: di una società) to pass a dividend, non dichiarare (o ritenere) un dividendo □ to pass one's oath, impegnarsi con giuramento; giurare □ to pass a remark, fare un'osservazione; dire la propria □ (eufem.) to pass water, far acqua; orinare □ (eufem.) to pass wind, fare un vento (o un peto) □ to come to pass, succedere; accadere □ (fig.) to have passed the chair, non esser più presidente; aver lasciato la presidenza □ to let st. pass, lasciar correre qc.; lasciar perdere □ It passes belief!, è incredibile!

* * *
I [pɑːs] [AE pæs]
nome

1) (to enter, leave) lasciapassare m.; (for journalists) pass m.; (to be absent) permesso m. (anche mil.); (of safe conduct) salvacondotto m., passi m.

2) (travel document) abbonamento m., tessera f. d'abbonamento

3) scol. univ. promozione f., sufficienza f.

to get a pass in physics — superare l'esame di fisica, prendere la sufficienza in fisica

4) sport (in ball games) passaggio m.; (in fencing) affondo m., stoccata f.

••

to come to such a pass that... — giungere a tale punto che...

to make a pass at sb. — provarci con qcn., fare delle avances a qcn
II [pɑːs] [AE pæs]
nome

1) (in mountains) passo m., valico m., gola f.

2) aer.

to make a pass over sth. — sorvolare qcs., fare un volo di ricognizione su qcs
III 1. [pɑːs] [AE pæs]
verbo transitivo

1) (go past) (to far side) passare [checkpoint, customs]; (alongside and beyond) passare davanti, accanto a, superare, oltrepassare [building, area]; [ vehicle] superare, sorpassare [ vehicle]; superare [ level]; superare, andare al di là di [understanding, expectation]

to pass sb. in the street — incrociare qcn. per strada

2) (hand over) (directly) passare, porgere; (indirectly) fare passare

3) (move) (fare) passare

he passed his hand over his face — si passò la mano sul viso

4) sport passare [ ball]

5) (spend) passare, trascorrere [ time]

6) (succeed in) [ person] passare, superare [ exam]; [car, machine] superare [ test]

7) (declare satisfactory) approvare, promuovere [ candidate]; approvare, accettare [ invoice]

to pass sth. (as being) safe — giudicare qcs. come sicuro

8) (vote in) approvare, fare passare [bill, motion]

9) (pronounce) pronunciare, emettere [judgment, sentence]

to pass a remark — fare un'osservazione

10) med.

to pass water — urinare

to pass blood — avere sangue nelle urine, nelle feci
2.
verbo intransitivo

1) (go past) [person, car] passare, andare oltre

2) (move) passare

to pass through sth. — passare attraverso qcs., attraversare qcs.

pass down the bus — scorrete verso il fondo dell'autobus

3) fig. (go by) [ time] passare, trascorrere

let the remark pass — lascia correre, chiudi un occhio

4) (be transferred) [title, property] passare (in eredità), essere trasmesso; [letter, knowing look] essere scambiato

5) sport passare, effettuare un passaggio

6) gioc. passare

I'm afraid I must pass on that one — fig. (in discussion) temo di dover passare la mano

7) lett. (happen) accadere, succedere

8) (in exam) passare, essere promosso

9) (be accepted) [person, behaviour] essere accettato

she passes for 40 — le danno 40 anni

•

- pass along

- pass around

- pass away

- pass by

- pass down

- pass off

- pass on

- pass out

- pass over

- pass round

- pass through

- pass up

••

it won't pass my lips — non ne farò parola

English-Italian dictionary > pass
11 Voisin, Gabriel

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

[br]

b. 5 February 1880 Belleville-sur-Saône, France

d. 25 December 1973 Ozenay, France

[br]

French manufacturer of aeroplanes in the early years of aviation.

[br]

Gabriel Voisin was one of a group of aviation pioneers working in France c. 1905. One of the leaders of this group was a rich lawyer-sportsman, Ernest Archdeacon. For a number of years they had been building gliders based on those of the Wright brothers. Archdeacon's glider of 1904 was flown by Voisin, who went on to assist in the design and manufacture of gliders for Archdeacon and Louis Blériot, including successful float-gliders. Gabriel Voisin was joined by his brother Charles in 1905 and they set up the first commercial aircraft factory. As the Voisins had limited funds, they had to seek customers who could afford to indulge in the fashionable hobby of flying. One was Santos- Dumont, who commissioned Voisin to build his "14 bis" aeroplane in 1906.

Early in 1907 the Voisins built their first powered aeroplane, but it was not a success.

Later that year they completed a biplane for a Paris sculptor, Léon Delagrange, and another for Henri Farman. The basic Voisin was a biplane with the engine behind the pilot and a "pusher" propeller. Pitching was controlled by biplane elevators forward of the pilot and rudders were fitted to the box kite tail, but there was no control of roll.

Improvements were gradually introduced by the Voisins and their customers, such as Farman. Incidentally, to flatter their clients the Voisins often named the aircraft after them, thus causing some confusion to historians. Many Voisins were built up until 1910, when the company's fortunes sank. Competition was growing, the factory was flooded, and Charles left. Gabriel started again, building robust biplanes of steel construction. Voisin bombers were widely used during the First World War, and a subsidiary factory was built in Russia.

In August 1917, Voisin sold his business when the French Air Ministry decided that Voisin aeroplanes were obsolete and that the factory should be turned over to the building of engines. After the war he started another business making prefabricated houses, and then turned to manufacturing motor cars. From 1919 to 1939 his company produced various models, mainly for the luxury end of the market but also including a few sports and racing cars. In the early 1950s he designed a small two-seater, which was built by the Biscuter company in Spain. The Voisin company finally closed in 1958.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1909. Académie des Sciences Gold Medal 1909.

Bibliography

1961, Mes dix milles cerfs-volants, France; repub. 1963 as Men, Women and 10,000 Kites, London (autobiography; an eminent reviewer said, "it contains so many demonstrable absurdities, untruths and misleading statements, that one does not know how much of the rest one can believe").

1962, Mes Mille et un voitures, France (covers his cars).

Further Reading

C.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1965, The Invention of the Aeroplane 1799–1909, London (includes an account of Voisin's contribution to aviation and a list of his early aircraft).

Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I, London; reprinted 1990 (provides details of Voisin's 1914–18 aircraft).

E.Chadeau, 1987, L'Industrie aéronautique en France 1900–1950, de Blériot à Dassault, Paris.

G.N.Georgano, 1968, Encyclopedia of Motor Cars 1885 to the Present, New York (includes brief descriptions of Voisin's cars).

JDS

Biographical history of technology > Voisin, Gabriel
12 back

I [bæk] 1. сущ.
1)

а) спина

broad back — широкая спина

back pain — боль в спине

with one's back to the door — спиной к двери

to arch one's back — сгорбиться; выгнуть спину

to do smth. behind the back of smb. — делать что-л. за спиной у кого-л., делать что-л. тайно, скрытно

б) спина, спинка ( животного)

The cat arched its back. — Кот выгнул спину.

2) позвоночник

to break one's back — сломать позвоночник

Syn:

backbone, spine, spinal column

3) спина, спинка ( часть одежды)

4) спинка (стула, кресла)

5) тыльная часть, задняя часть

back of the head — затылок

back of the hand — тыльная сторона ладони

at / in the back of smth. — позади чего-л.

from the back — сзади

room at the back of the house — задняя комната

yard in back of the house — двор за домом

Syn:

rear II 1.

6)

а) оборот, оборотная сторона

back of a card — рубашка ( карты)

б) изнанка, подкладка

7) тыльная сторона ( ножа); обух ( топора)

8) корешок ( книги)

9) усердие; трудоспособность

He put his back into the task. — Он полностью выложился, выполняя это задание.

Syn:

endurance

10) спорт. защитник

11) геол. висячий бок ( пласта); кровля ( забоя); потолок ( выработки)

12) авиа верхняя часть корпуса самолёта

13) стр. верхняя выпуклая поверхность между пятами арки, свода

••

back to back — вплотную, впритык

at the back of one's mind — подсознательно

with one's back to the wall — прижатый к стенке; в безвыходном положении

to be at the back of smth. — быть тайной причиной чего-л.

to know the way one knows the back of one's hand — знать как свои пять пальцев

to turn one's back (up)on smb. — отвернуться от кого-л.; покинуть кого-л.

to break the back of smth. — закончить самую трудоёмкую часть какой-л. работы

to get / put / set smb.'s back up — рассердить кого-л.; раздражать кого-л.

- turn one's back
- be on one's back 2. нареч.
1) назад ( в обратном направлении)

to step back — шагать назад

Back from the door! — Прочь от двери!

- back and forth

Syn:

backward 3.

2) обратно ( на прежнее место)

on the way back — на обратном пути

back home — снова дома, на родине

When will he be back? — Когда он вернётся?

Try to force this bolt back. — Постарайся вставить этот болт обратно.

3) обратно, назад (к прежнему владельцу, в прежнее состояние)

to give back — отдать назад

to get back — получить обратно

I accepted his offer at once, lest he should draw back. — Я принял его предложение, боясь как бы он не передумал.

The whole country fell back into heathenism. — Вся страна вновь впала в язычество.

4) (тому) назад

a while back — некоторое время тому назад

far back in the Middle Ages — давным-давно в Средние века

In memory I can go back to a very early age. — В памяти я могу вернуться назад в раннее детство.

Syn:

ago

5) указывает на ответное действие

to answer back — дерзить, грубить ( в ответ)

to love back — отвечать взаимностью

to pay back — отплачивать

to talk back — возражать

to write back — написать в ответ

6) сзади, позади

The field lies back from the road. — Поле лежит за дорогой.

7) в отсталом состоянии, с задержкой в развитии

a nation long kept back by a sterile soil and a severe climate — страна, развитие которой долго сдерживали бесплодная земля и суровый климат

••

to go back from / upon one's word — отказаться от обещания

- back to square one
3. прил.
1) спинной

Syn:

dorsal 1.

2) задний

back seat — заднее сиденье

back vowel — лингв. гласный заднего ряда

back door — чёрный ход

back elevation — стр.; тех. вид сзади, задний фасад

Syn:

rear II 2.

3)

а) глухой, отдалённый

back street — закоулок; отдалённая улица

back country — отдалённые от центра районы; глушь

back settlement — амер. дальнее поселение

back road — просёлочная дорога; дорога местного значения

Syn:

remote

б) воен. тыловой

- back areas

4) запоздалый; просроченный ( о платеже)

back pay / payment — расчёты задним числом

back salary / wages — зарплата, выплаченная с опозданием

Syn:

overdue, behindhand 1.

5) старый; устаревший

back numbers of a magazine — старые номера журнала

6) обратный, противоположный

back current — обратное течение

back slang — обратная речь, речь-перевёртыш (жаргон, в котором слова произносятся в обратном порядке; например, gip вместо pig)

Syn:

reverse 2.

••

to take a back seat — стушеваться, отойти на задний план
4. гл.
1) = back up поддерживать; подкреплять; финансировать, субсидировать

demands which had been backed by an armed force — требования, подкреплённые военной силой

to back smb. (up) — оказывать кому-л. поддержку, содействовать кому-л.

They backed the new enterprise by investing in it. — Они поддержали новое предприятие, вложив в него деньги.

Most members were against Mr Jones, who would have lost his position if you hadn't backed him up. — Многие были против мистера Джонса, который потерял бы своё место, если бы вы его не поддержали.

Back up, men, we need all the help we can get. — Поддержите нас, ребята, нам нужна ваша помощь.

Syn:

uphold, aid 2., support 2., assist, second II 4.

2) = back up подтверждать, подкреплять ( доказательствами)

to back an argument with proof — подкрепить аргументацию доказательствами

We need further facts to back up our statements. — Нам нужны дополнительные сведения, чтобы подкрепить наши утверждения.

Syn:

substantiate

3) муз. аккомпанировать ( певцу)

4)

а) двигать назад, в обратном направлении

to back a car — подать автомобиль назад

Next you must learn how to back a car into a parking space. — Затем вы должны научиться парковать машину с помощью заднего хода.

б) = back away / off / up двигаться в обратном направлении; пятиться; отступать; давать задний ход

Be careful how you back into the garage, the doorway is very narrow. — Будьте осторожны, въезжая задним ходом в гараж, дверь очень узкая.

The crowd backed away to let the wounded man pass through. — Толпа отступила, чтобы дать дорогу раненому.

The child backed away from the fierce dog. — Ребёнок отпрянул от злой собаки.

The crowd backed off in terror as the soldiers charged. — Толпа в ужасе отпрянула, когда солдаты пошли в атаку.

She backed up a few steps and then ran. — Она отступила на несколько шагов, а затем начала разбег.

The car backed up and hit the tree. — Машина дала задний ход и врезалась в дерево.

5) ( back into) вре́заться во (что-л.), двигаясь задним ходом

I backed into another car as I was coming out of the car park. — Я врезался задом в другую машину, когда выезжал со стоянки.

Harry had just bought a new car, and his son went and backed it into a lamppost! — Гарри только что купил новую машину, а его сын разбил её о фонарный столб!

6)

а) служить спинкой; служить подкладкой

The wardrobe was backed with plywood. — Задняя стенка шкафа была из фанеры.

б) ставить на подкладку; переплетать ( книгу)

a coat backed with fur — пальто на меху, пальто с меховой подкладкой

7) держать пари, ставить (на кого-л.)

to back a horse — ставить на лошадь

to back the field — поставить на несколько лошадей против одной

8)

а) подписывать, скреплять подписью

б) фин. индоссировать ( вексель)

- back a bill

9) ( back onto) амер. граничить, примыкать сзади

We chose this house because the garden backs onto the tennis courts. — Мы выбрали этот дом, потому что его сад примыкает к теннисному корту.

10) мор. менять направление против часовой стрелки ( о ветре)

Ant:

veer I 2. 2)

11) уст. садиться в седло

She backed the horse at a jump. — Она вскочила на лошадь одним прыжком.

•

- back away
- back down
- back out
- back up
••

to back the wrong horse — сделать плохой выбор, просчитаться, ошибиться в расчётах
II [bæk] сущ.
чан; корыто; кадка

Syn:

tub 1., trough, vat, cistern

Англо-русский современный словарь > back
13 second

̈ɪˈsekənd I
1. сущ.
1) а) помощник;
следующий по рангу second in command ≈ заместитель командира б) полигр. помощник наборщика
2) а) спорт вице-чемпион;
получивший второй приз, вторую премию;
пришедший вторым б) альпинист, идущий вторым в связке
3) грам. второе лицо( сокр. от second person)
3) универ. вторая, не высшая оценка
4) второй класс( в различных видах транспорта)
5) секундант
6) второе число
7) мн. товар второго сорта, низшего качества;
мука грубого помола These stockings are seconds and have some slight defects. ≈ Эти чулки второго сорта и имеют незначительные дефекты.
8) муз. а) второй голос;
альт б) секунда (один из самых коротких музыкальных интервалов)
2. прил.
1) а) второй (идущий по счету после первого) He stood second in line. ≈ Он был вторым в шеренге. on second thoughts ≈ по зрелом размышлении б) второстепенный;
второсортный (занимающий второе место по важности или качеству) second violin, second fiddle ≈ вторая скрипка
2) а) каждый второй( о цикличности во времени) to elect smb. every second year ≈ избирать кого-л. через каждые два года Syn: alternate
2., other
1. б) второй, очень похожий He is the second Napoleon. ≈ Да он же просто второй Наполеон!
3) подчиненный, ниже по званию, находящийся ниже (в какой-л. иерархии) to be second to none ≈ никому не подчиняться Syn: inferior
2., subordinate
1.
4) повторный;
вторичный second advent, second coming ≈ второе пришествие Syn: repeated, recurring
5) дополнительный, добавочный Syn: extra, additional ∙ at second hand ≈ из вторых рук second sight ≈ ясновидение second teeth ≈ постоянные (не молочные) зубы second to none ≈ непревзойденный second chamber ≈ верхняя палата( парламента)
3. гл.
1) а) поддерживать, помогать to second one's efforts ≈ поддерживать кого-л. в каких-л. усилиях, начинаниях Syn: support
2., back up, assist, encourage б) подпевать;
петь вторым голосом, исполнять партию второго голоса
2) одобрить, оказать поддержку (в споре, дискуссии и т.д.) Mrs. Charlton instantly seconded the proposal. ≈ Миссис Чарльтон тот час же одобрила предложение.
3) быть секундантом
4) воен. откомандировывать The officer was seconded to another branch of the army to lead special training courses. ≈ Офицера откомандировали в другое подразделение армии для того, чтобы он прошел курс специальной подготовки.
4. нареч.
1) во-вторых
2) вторым номером;
во второй группе to come second ≈ финишировать со вторым результатом II сущ.
1) секунда (1/60 часть минуты)
2) мгновение, миг, минута, момент (очень короткий промежуток времени) Just a moment, please. ≈ Одну минуточку, подождите, пожалуйста. Syn: moment, instant секунда (мера времени) - 60 *s make one minute в минуте 60 секунд секунда (мера угла) - ten degrees fifteen *s десять градусов пятнадцать секунд мгновение, момент - split * доля секунды - in a split * моментально;
моргнуть не успеешь - wait a *!, half a *! (подождите) минутку! - to do smth. in a few *s моментально сделать что-л. - I shall be ready in a * /in a few *s/ я буду готов сию минуту - I cannot do without it for a * мне это нужно ежесекундно (the *) второе (число) - on the * of May второго мая второй (человек) (который что-л. делает) - you are the * to ask me that вы второй человек, который спрашивает меня об этом - you are the * to jump вы будете прыгать вторым помощник - to act as a most useful * быть хорошим помощником во всем;
быть (чьей-л.) правой рукой получивший вторую премию, второй приз и т. п. - to come in a good *, to be a good * прийти( к финишу) почти вместе с первым - to come in a close * to X. лишь ненамного отстать от Х. - to make a poor * in a race еле-еле прийти к финишу вторым секундант (на дуэли) секундант (бокс) - *s out! освободить ринг! (команда) второй класс( какого-л. транспорта) - I always travel * я всегда путешествую вторым классом товар второго сорта, второсортная продукция мука грубого помола (разговорное) вторая порция( еды) второе (блюдо) (автомобильное) (разговорное) вторая передача - he shifted into * он включил /перешел на/ вторую скорость альпинист, идущий вторым (в связке) (музыкальное) секунда (интервал) - major * большая секунда вторая (университетское) (разговорное) степень бакалавра с отличием второго класса( в Великобритании) > * of exchange( финансовое) второй экземпляр переводного векселя, секунда второй ( по счету) - * deck вторая /(амер) средняя/ палуба - * raceme (ботаника) ветвь второго порядка - * person (грамматика) второе лицо - * conjugation( грамматика) второе спряжение - Henry the S. Генрих II - he is in his * year ему второй год - in the * place во-вторых - the * finger of the right hand средний палец на правой руке второй (по времени) - to go by the * train ехать следующим поездом - the * person to swim the Channel второй человек, переплывший Ла-Манш второй, дополнительный, добавочный - * cause побочная причина - * legs вторая пара ног (у насекомых) второй, повторный - * notice повторное извещение - * (galley) proof вторая корректура( в гранках) - every * day каждый второй день;
через день - to do smth. a * time делать что-л. снова /второй раз/ - to stay in a form for a * year остаться на второй год - they elect a mayor every * year они выбирают мэра каждые два года второстепенный, подчиненный - to be * to the project иметь второстепенное значение для данного проекта - * to the might of this country уступающий по моще этой стране - music comes * with him для него музыка не самое главное в жизни другой, второй - a * pair of shoes другая пара обуви - I want a * opinion я хотел бы услышать другое /еще одно/ мнение еще один, подобный - he is a * Shakespeare он второй Шекспир - * self второе "я" дополнительный;
запасный, запасной - * team (спортивное) вторая команда уступающий (в чем-л.) - to be * to smb. in experience уступать кому-л. по опыту - to be * in seniority быть вторым по старшинству - to be * to smb. in precedence по рангу идти вслед за кем-л. - * in hardness only to the diamond уступающий в твердости только алмазу - * to none непревзойденный - in intelligence he is * to none по уму с ним никто не сравнится, по уму он никому не уступит - we are in a position * to none to... наше положение в отношении... ни с чем не сравнимо - * only to... уступающий (в чем-л.) только... второсортный - articles of * quality товары второго сорта - * cabin каюта второго класса вспомогательный - * master помощник учителя (в школе) второй (по величине, значению и т. п.) - the * city in Europe второй город в Европе - the * largest city in the world второй по величине город в мире - * violin /fiddle/ вторая скрипка( в оркестре) > * name (американизм) фамилия;
второе имя (данное при крещении) > * line (военное) тыловая позиция;
тыловая полоса > to play * fiddle играть вторую скрипку, быть на вторых ролях > * birth второе рождение, возрождение;
(религия) духовное возрождение;
(религия) загробная жизнь > * guess задним умом крепок > the * time of asking( церковное) вторичное оглашение имен вступающих в брак во-вторых вторым номером;
во второй группе;
вторым - to speak * выступать вторым - to come in /to finish/ * прийти вторым, занять второе место (на скачках, в соревновании) выступать в поддержку (предложения, резолюции и т. п.) - to * a motion поддержать резолюцию быть секундантом на дуэли или в боксе (книжное) поддерживать, помогать - to * smb.'s efforts поддерживать чьи-л. усилия - will you * me? вы меня поддержите? - to * words with deeds подкреплять слова делами - to be *ed by smb. получить поддержку с чьей-л. стороны( военное) временно откомандировывать - to be *ed for service on the General Staff быть откомандированным в ставку - major Smith has been *ed to us майор Смит прикомандирован к нам characters per ~, cps вчт. число знаков в секунду characters per ~, cps вчт. число знаков в секунду every ~ каждый второй ~ второй класс (в поезде, на пароходе и т. п.) ;
to go second ехать вторым классом ~ получивший второй приз, вторую премию;
he was a good second он пришел к финишу почти вместе с первым ~ второй, другой;
second thoughts пересмотр мнения, решения;
on second thoughts по зрелом размышлении ~ поддерживать, помогать;
to second a motion поддержать предложение ~ повторный;
вторичный;
second ballot перебаллотировка;
second advent( или coming) рел. второе пришествие ~ повторный;
вторичный;
second ballot перебаллотировка;
second advent( или coming) рел. второе пришествие ~ второстепенный;
второсортный, уступающий (по качеству) (to) ;
second cabin каюта второго класса;
second violin (или fiddle) вторая скрипка ~ ~ ясновидение;
second to none непревзойденный;
second chamber верхняя палата( парламента) ~ division вторая (средняя) степень тюремного заключения (в Англии) ;
second teeth постоянные (не молочные) зубы;
at second hand из вторых рук ~ division низший разряд государственных служащих ~ помощник;
следующий по рангу;
second in command воен. заместитель командира ~ lieutenant младший лейтенант;
the second officer( on a ship) второй помощник капитана ~ of exchange второй экземпляр тратты ~ lieutenant младший лейтенант;
the second officer( on a ship) второй помощник капитана ~ дополнительный;
a second pair of shoes сменная пара обуви ~ num. ord. второй;
the second seat in the second row второе кресло во втором ряду ~ ~ ясновидение;
second to none непревзойденный;
second chamber верхняя палата (парламента) ~ division вторая (средняя) степень тюремного заключения (в Англии) ;
second teeth постоянные (не молочные) зубы;
at second hand из вторых рук ~ второй, другой;
second thoughts пересмотр мнения, решения;
on second thoughts по зрелом размышлении ~ ~ ясновидение;
second to none непревзойденный;
second chamber верхняя палата (парламента) ~ второстепенный;
второсортный, уступающий (по качеству) (to) ;
second cabin каюта второго класса;
second violin (или fiddle) вторая скрипка ~ подкреплять;
to second words with deeds подкреплять слова делами these stockings are seconds and have some slight defects эти чулки второго сорта и имеют незначительные дефекты ~ секунда;
момент, мгновение;
wait a second сейчас;
подождите минутку

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > second
14 second

['sek(ə)nd] I сущ.
1) сокр. sec секунда (1/60 часть минуты)

second hand — секундная стрелка

2) мгновение, миг, минута, момент ( очень короткий промежуток времени)

Just a second, please. — Одну минуточку. Подождите минутку, пожалуйста.

Syn:

moment, instant 1.
II 1. прил.
1)

а) второй (по счёту, по порядку)

He stood second in line. — Он был вторым в шеренге.

б) второй ( по важности), второстепенный

second violin / fiddle — вторая скрипка

в) второсортный

2)

а) другой, второй

to elect smb. every second year — избирать кого-л. через каждые два года

- Second Advent
- Second Coming
Syn:

repeated, recurring, other 1.

б) второй, очень похожий

He is the second Napoleon. — Он - второй Наполеон.

3) уступающий, находящийся ниже (кого-л. / чего-л.); подчинённый

second to none — никому не уступающий, самый лучший, непревзойдённый

Syn:

inferior 2., subordinate 1.

4) дополнительный, добавочный

Syn:

extra 1., additional

••

at second hand — из вторых рук

second teeth — постоянные ( не молочные) зубы

second chamber — верхняя палата ( парламента)

- second sight
2. сущ.
1) ( the second)

а) второй по счёту элемент

on the second of October — второго октября

б) человек, идущий вторым

2) помощник; следующий по рангу

- second-in-command

3) получивший второй приз, вторую премию; пришедший вторым

4) второй класс ( в транспорте)

5) разг. вторая, не высшая оценка

6) товар второго сорта, низшего качества; мука грубого помола

These stockings are seconds and have some slight defects. — Эти чулки второго сорта и имеют незначительные дефекты.

7) альпинист, идущий вторым в связке

8) ист. секундант ( на дуэли)

9) муз. секунда ( самый короткий музыкальный интервал)

augmented second — увеличенная секунда

diminished second — уменьшенная секунда

major second — большая секунда

minor second — малая секунда
3. нареч.
1) во-вторых

2) вторым (номером); во второй группе

to come second — финишировать со вторым результатом, прийти вторым
4. гл.
1) поддерживать, выступать в поддержку (предложения, резолюции)

to second one's efforts — поддерживать чьи-л. усилия

The motion has been seconded. — Предложение получило поддержку.

Syn:

support 2., back up, assist 2.

2) ист. быть секундантом ( на дуэли)

3) [sɪ'kɔnd]

брит. ( second to)

а) откомандировывать; отправлять в командировку, на стажировку

The officer was seconded to another branch of the army to lead special training courses. — Офицера откомандировали в другой род войск для того, чтобы он провёл курс специальной подготовки.

She was seconded to the Foreign Office. — Она была прикомандирована к Министерству иностранных дел.

б) временно назначать (на чьё-л. место)

Jill's been seconded to the marketing department while Dave's away. — Джил взяли в отдел маркетинга, пока Дэйв в отъезде.

Англо-русский современный словарь > second
15 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance

   The world's oldest diplomatic connection and alliance, an enduring arrangement between two very different nations and peoples, with important practical consequences in the domestic and foreign affairs of both Great Britain (England before 1707) and Portugal. The history of this remarkable alliance, which has had commercial and trade, political, foreign policy, cultural, and imperial aspects, can be outlined in part with a list of the main alliance treaties after the first treaty of commerce and friendship signed between the monarchs of England and Portugal in 1373. This was followed in 1386 by the Treaty of Windsor; then in 1654, 1661, 1703, the Methuen Treaty; and in 1810 and 1899 another treaty also signed at Windsor.

   Common interests in the defense of the nation and its overseas empire (in the case of Portugal, after 1415; in the case of England, after 1650) were partly based on characteristics and common enemies both countries shared. Even in the late Middle Ages, England and Portugal faced common enemies: large continental countries that threatened the interests and sovereignty of both, especially France and Spain. In this sense, the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance has always been a defensive alliance in which each ally would assist the other when necessary against its enemies. In the case of Portugal, that enemy invariably was Spain (or component states thereof, such as Castile and Leon) and sometimes France (i.e., when Napoleon's armies invaded and conquered Portugal as of late 1807). In the case of England, that foe was often France and sometimes Spain as well.

   Beginning in the late 14th century, England and Portugal forged this unusual relationship, formalized with several treaties that came into direct use during a series of dynastic, imperial, naval, and commercial conflicts between 1373 and 1961, the historic period when the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance had its most practical political significance. The relative world power and importance of each ally has varied over the centuries. During the period 1373-1580, the allies were similar in respective ranking in European affairs, and during the period 1480-1550, if anything, Portugal was a greater world power with a more important navy than England. During 1580-1810, Portugal fell to the status of a third-rank European power and, during 1810-1914, England was perhaps the premier world power. During 1914-61, England's world position slipped while Portugal made a slow recovery but remained a third- or fourth-rank power.

   The commercial elements of the alliance have always involved an exchange of goods between two seafaring, maritime peoples with different religions and political systems but complementary economies. The 1703 Methuen Treaty establ ished a trade link that endured for centuries and bore greater advantages for England than for Portugal, although Portugal derived benefits: English woolens for Portuguese wines, especially port, other agricultural produce, and fish. Since the signing of the Methuen Treaty, there has been a vigorous debate both in politics and in historical scholarship as to how much each nation benefited economically from the arrangement in which Portugal eventually became dependent upon England and the extent to which Portugal became a kind of economic colony of Britain during the period from 1703 to 1910.

   There is a vast literature on the Alliance, much of it in Portuguese and by Portuguese writers, which is one expression of the development of modern Portuguese nationalism. During the most active phase of the alliance, from 1650 to 1945, there is no doubt but that the core of the mutual interests of the allies amounted to the proposition that Portugal's independence as a nation in Iberia and the integrity of its overseas empire, the third largest among the colonial powers as of 1914, were defended by England, who in turn benefited from the use by the Royal Navy of Portugal's home and colonial ports in times of war and peace. A curious impact on Portuguese and popular usage had also come about and endured through the impact of dealings with the English allies. The idiom in Portuguese, "é para inglês ver," means literally "it is for the Englishman to see," but figuratively it really means, "it is merely for show."

   The practical defense side of the alliance was effectively dead by the end of World War II, but perhaps the most definitive indication of the end of the political significance of an alliance that still continues in other spheres occurred in December 1961, when the army of the Indian Union invaded Portugal's colonial enclaves in western India, Goa, Damão, and Diu. While both nations were now North Atlantic Treaty Organization allies, their interests clashed when it came to imperial and Commonwealth conflicts and policies. Portugal asked Britain for military assistance in the use of British bases against the army of Britain's largest former colony, India. But Portugal was, in effect, refused assistance by her oldest ally. If the alliance continues into the 21st century, its essence is historical, nostalgic, commercial, and cultural.

    See also Catherine of Braganza.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
16 Port Wine

   Portugal's most famous wine and leading export takes its name from the city of Oporto or porto, which means "port" or "harbor" in Portuguese. Sometimes described as "the Englishman's wine," port is only one of the many wines produced in continental Portugal and the Atlantic islands. Another noted dessert wine is Madeira wine, which is produced on the island of Madeira. Port wine's history is about as long as that of Madeira wine, but the wine's development is recent compared to that of older table wines and the wines Greeks and Romans enjoyed in ancient Lusitania. During the Roman occupation of the land (ca. 210 BCE-300 CE), wine was being made from vines cultivated in the upper Douro River valley. Favorable climate and soils (schist with granite outcropping) and convenient transportation (on ships down the Douro River to Oporto) were factors that combined with increased wine production in the late 17th century to assist in the birth of port wine as a new product. Earlier names for port wine ( vinho do porto) were descriptive of location ("Wine of the Douro Bank") and how it was transported ("Wine of [Ship] Embarkation").

   Port wine, a sweet, fortified (with brandy) aperitif or dessert wine that was designed as a valuable export product for the English market, was developed first in the 1670s by a unique combination of circumstances and the action of interested parties. Several substantial English merchants who visited Oporto "discovered" that a local Douro wine was much improved when brandy ( aguardente) was added. Fortification prevented the wine from spoiling in a variety of temperatures and on the arduous sea voyages from Oporto to Great Britain. Soon port wine became a major industry of the Douro region; it involved an uneasy alliance between the English merchant-shippers at Oporto and Vila Nova de Gaia, the town across the river from Oporto, where the wine was stored and aged, and the Portuguese wine growers.

   In the 18th century, port wine became a significant element of Britain's foreign imports and of the country's establishment tastes in beverages. Port wine drinking became a hallowed tradition in Britain's elite Oxford and Cambridge Universities' colleges, which all kept port wine cellars. For Portugal, the port wine market in Britain, and later in France, Belgium, and other European countries, became a vital element in the national economy. Trade in port wine and British woolens became the key elements in the 1703 Methuen Treaty between England and Portugal.

   To lessen Portugal's growing economic dependence on Britain, regulate the production and export of the precious sweet wine, and protect the public from poor quality, the Marquis of Pombal instituted various measures for the industry. In 1756, Pombal established the General Company of Viticulture of the Upper Douro to carry out these measures. That same year, he ordered the creation of the first demarcated wine-producing region in the world, the port-wine producing Douro region. Other wine-producing countries later followed this Portuguese initiative and created demarcated wine regions to protect the quality of wine produced and to ensure national economic interests.

   The upper Douro valley region (from Barca d'Alva in Portugal to Barqueiros on the Spanish frontier) produces a variety of wines; only 40 percent of its wines are port wine, whereas 60 percent are table wines. Port wine's alcohol content varies usually between 19 and 22 percent, and, depending on the type, the wine is aged in wooden casks from two to six years and then bottled. Related to port wine's history is the history of Portuguese cork. Beginning in the 17th century, Portuguese cork, which comes from cork trees, began to be used to seal wine bottles to prevent wine from spoiling. This innovation in Portugal helped lead to the development of the cork industry. By the early 20th century, Portugal was the world's largest exporter of cork.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Port Wine
17 employability

HR

the potential for obtaining and keeping fulfilling work through the development of skills that are transferable from one employer to another. Employability is affected by market demand for a particular set of skills and by personal circumstances. Employees may take responsibility for developing their own employability through learning and training, or as part of the psychological contract, employers may assist their employees in enhancing their employability. An important factor in employability is the concept of lifelong learning.

The ultimate business dictionary > employability
18 Burgi, Jost

SUBJECT AREA: Horology

[br]

b. 28 February 1552 Lichtensteig, Switzerland

d. 31 January 1632 Kassel, Germany

[br]

Swiss clockmaker and mathematician who invented the remontoire and the cross-beat escapement, also responsible for the use of exponential notation and the calculation of tables of anti-logarithms.

[br]

Burgi entered the service of Duke William IV of Hesse in 1579 as Court Clockmaker, although he also assisted William with his astronomical observations. In 1584 he invented the cross-beat escapement which increased the accuracy of spring-driven clocks by two orders of magnitude. During the last years of the century he also worked on the development of geometrical and astronomical instruments for the Royal Observatory at Kassel.

On the death of Duke Wilhelm in 1603, and with news of his skills having reached the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II, in 1604 he went to Prague to become Imperial Watchmaker and to assist in the creation of a centre of scientific activity, subsequently becoming Assistant to the German astronomer, Johannes Kepler. No doubt this association led to an interest in mathematics and he made significant contributions to the concept of decimal fractions and the use of exponential notation, i.e. the use of a raised number to indicate powers of another number. It is likely that he was developing the idea of logarithms at the same time (or possibly even before) Napier, for in 1620 he made his greatest contribution to mathematics, science and, eventually, engineering, namely the publication of tables of anti-logarithms.

At Prague he continued the series of accurate clocks and instruments for astronomical measurements that he had begun to produce at Kassel. At that period clocks were very poor timekeepers since the controller, the foliot or balance, had no natural period of oscillation and was consequently dependent on the driving force. Although the force of the driving weight was constant, irregularities occurred during the transmission of the power through the train as a result of the poor shape and quality of the gearing. Burgi attempted to overcome this directly by superb craftsmanship and indirectly by using a remontoire. This device was wound at regular intervals by the main driving force and fed the power directly to the escape wheel, which impulsed the foliot. He also introduced the crossbeat escapement (a variation on the verge), which consisted of two coupled foliots that swung in opposition to each other. According to contemporary evidence his clocks produced a remarkable improvement in timekeeping, being accurate to within a minute a day. This improvement was probably a result of the use of a remontoire and the high quality of the workmanship rather than a result of the cross-beat escapement, which did not have a natural period of oscillation.

Burgi or Prague clocks, as they were known, were produced by very few other makers and were supplanted shortly afterwards by the intro-duction of the pendulum clock. Burgi also produced superb clockwork-driven celestial globes.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Ennobled 1611.

Bibliography

Burgi only published one book, and that was concerned with mathematics.

Further Reading

L.von Mackensen, 1979, Die erste Sternwarte Europas mit ihren Instrumenten and Uhren—400 Jahre Jost Burgi in Kassel, Munich.

K.Maurice and O.Mayr (eds), 1980, The Clockwork Universe, Washington, DC, pp. 87– 102.

H.A.Lloyd, 1958, Some Outstanding Clocks Over 700 Years, 1250–1950, London. E.T.Bell, 1937, Men of Mathematics, London: Victor Gollancz.

See also: Briggs, Henry

KF / DV

Biographical history of technology > Burgi, Jost
19 Telford, Thomas

SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering

[br]

b. 9 August 1757 Glendinning, Dumfriesshire, Scotland

d. 2 September 1834 London, England.

[br]

Scottish civil engineer.

[br]

Telford was the son of a shepherd, who died when the boy was in his first year. Brought up by his mother, Janet Jackson, he attended the parish school at Westerkirk. He was apprenticed to a stonemason in Lochmaben and to another in Langholm. In 1780 he walked from Eskdale to Edinburgh and in 1872 rode to London on a horse that he was to deliver there. He worked for Sir William Chambers as a mason on Somerset House, then on the Eskdale house of Sir James Johnstone. In 1783–4 he worked on the new Commissioner's House and other buildings at Portsmouth dockyard.

In late 1786 Telford was appointed County Surveyor for Shropshire and moved to Shrewsbury Castle, with work initially on the new infirmary and County Gaol. He designed the church of St Mary Magdalene, Bridgnorth, and also the church at Madley. Telford built his first bridge in 1790–2 at Montford; between 1790 and 1796 he built forty-five road bridges in Shropshire, including Buildwas Bridge. In September 1793 he was appointed general agent, engineer and architect to the Ellesmere Canal, which was to connect the Mersey and Dee rivers with the Severn at Shrewsbury; William Jessop was Principal Engineer. This work included the Pont Cysyllte aqueduct, a 1,000 ft (305 m) long cast-iron trough 127 ft (39 m) above ground level, which entailed an on-site ironworks and took ten years to complete; the aqueduct is still in use today. In 1800 Telford put forward a plan for a new London Bridge with a single cast-iron arch with a span of 600 ft (183 m) but this was not built.

In 1801 Telford was appointed engineer to the British Fisheries Society "to report on Highland Communications" in Scotland where, over the following eighteen years, 920 miles (1,480 km) of new roads were built, 280 miles (450 km) of the old military roads were realigned and rebuilt, over 1,000 bridges were constructed and much harbour work done, all under Telford's direction. A further 180 miles (290 km) of new roads were also constructed in the Lowlands of Scotland. From 1804 to 1822 he was also engaged on the construction of the Caledonian Canal: 119 miles (191 km) in all, 58 miles (93 km) being sea loch, 38 miles (61 km) being Lochs Lochy, Oich and Ness, 23 miles (37 km) having to be cut.

In 1808 he was invited by King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden to assist Count Baltzar von Platen in the survey and construction of a canal between the North Sea and the Baltic. Telford surveyed the 114 mile (183 km) route in six weeks; 53 miles (85 km) of new canal were to be cut. Soon after the plans for the canal were completed, the King of Sweden created him a Knight of the Order of Vasa, an honour that he would have liked to have declined. At one time some 60,000 soldiers and seamen were engaged on the work, Telford supplying supervisors, machinery—including an 8 hp steam dredger from the Donkin works and machinery for two small paddle boats—and ironwork for some of the locks. Under his direction an ironworks was set up at Motala, the foundation of an important Swedish industrial concern which is still flourishing today. The Gotha Canal was opened in September 1832.

In 1811 Telford was asked to make recommendations for the improvement of the Shrewsbury to Holyhead section of the London-Holyhead road, and in 1815 he was asked to survey the whole route from London for a Parliamentary Committee. Construction of his new road took fifteen years, apart from the bridges at Conway and over the Menai Straits, both suspension bridges by Telford and opened in 1826. The Menai bridge had a span of 579 ft (176 m), the roadway being 153 ft (47 m) above the water level.

In 1817 Telford was appointed Engineer to the Exchequer Loan Commission, a body set up to make capital loans for deserving projects in the hard times that followed after the peace of Waterloo. In 1820 he became the first President of the Engineers Institute, which gained its Royal Charter in 1828 to become the Institution of Civil Engineers. He was appointed Engineer to the St Katharine's Dock Company during its construction from 1825 to 1828, and was consulted on several early railway projects including the Liverpool and Manchester as well as a number of canal works in the Midlands including the new Harecastle tunnel, 3,000 ft (914 m) long.

Telford led a largely itinerant life, living in hotels and lodgings, acquiring his own house for the first time in 1821, 24 Abingdon Street, Westminster, which was partly used as a school for young civil engineers. He died there in 1834, after suffering in his later years from the isolation of deafness. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRSE 1803. Knight of the Order of Vasa, Sweden 1808. FRS 1827. First President, Engineers Insitute 1820.

Further Reading

L.T.C.Rolt, 1979, Thomas Telford, London: Penguin.

C.Hadfield, 1993, Thomas Telford's Temptation, London: M. \& M.Baldwin.

IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Telford, Thomas

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